Bibliography
Sources
363 sources are cited on this site: 87 primary, 211 secondary, 65 from museums or societies. A further 12 were read for the film but are not cited on these pages. Each source is listed once, under the first chapter that cites it.
Link status: 231 link checked · 80 print source · 22 site refused the checker · 20 link redirects · 14 dead link · 7 unreachable · 1 link not yet checked. Dead links are kept, marked, and paired with an archived copy where one exists.
Prologue A Stone in a Jar
Primary
- G. Elliot Smith, The diversions of an anatomist in Egypt, Cambridge University Medical School Magazine 1926; 5:34-39 (as quoted in Waldron 2000)
- S. G. Shattock, A prehistoric or predynastic Egyptian calculus, Transactions of the Pathological Society of London 1905; 56:275-290
Secondary
- Archaeopress, Palaeopathology in Egypt and Nubia (sample)
- IFAO Early Egypt Bibliography entry for Shattock 1905
- Riches 1967, The history of lithotomy and lithotrity (Arnott Demonstration, RCS)
- sci.news report of Dee et al. 2013 (radiocarbon chronology of early Egypt)
- Waldron 2000, The study of the human remains from Nubia (Medical History 44:363-388)
- Wikipedia: El-Amrah
- Wikipedia: Naqada I
- Wikipedia: Samuel George Shattock
Museum or society
I The River
Primary
- Celsus, De Medicina 7.26, tr. W. G. Spencer (Perseids)
- Ruffer 1910, Note on the presence of 'Bilharzia haematobia' in Egyptian mummies of the Twentieth Dynasty (BMJ 1910;1:16)
- Ruffer 1921, Studies in the Palaeopathology of Egypt (ed. Moodie)
Secondary
- Egyptian canopic jars at the crossroad of medicine and archaeology (review)
- Emerging Infectious Diseases 1996 article citing Ruffer
- JTA Jewniverse 2016: The oldest circumcision in the world
- Kanawati, The circumcision scene in the tomb of Ankhmahor: the first record of emergency surgery?, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology (title only read)
- Universidad de Granada record: the Ankhmahor scene and ritual purity
- Wikipedia: Schistosoma haematobium
- Wikipedia: Urinary catheterization
Museum or society
II The King's Permission
Primary
Secondary
III The Oath and the Ligature
Primary
- Galen, On the Natural Faculties I, tr. A. J. Brock (LacusCurtius)
- Galen, On the Natural Faculties I, tr. A. J. Brock (UCL Medicina Antiqua)
- Hippocrates, Airs, Waters, and Places part 9, tr. F. Adams
- Hippocrates, Aphorisms IV, tr. F. Adams
- Hippocrates, Aphorisms VII, tr. F. Adams
- Hippocrates, The Oath, tr. F. Adams (MIT Internet Classics Archive)
- Hippocratic Oath, tr. W. H. S. Jones (Loeb 1923)
Secondary
- Mayall 2015, Medicine in a Roman city (Med J Aust)
- Wikipedia: Herophilos
- Wikipedia: House of the Surgeon, Pompeii
Museum or society
IV The Flask
Primary
- Brian, The Pisse-Prophet (1679 printing), archive.org scan
- Brian, The Pisse-Prophet (London, 1637), archive.org scan
- Shakespeare, Henry IV Part 2, 1.2 (Folger Shakespeare)
Secondary
- Art & Object: uroscopy's sordid history
- Ashtiyani and Cyrus 2010, Iran J Kidney Dis 4(2)
- Atlas Obscura on Pinder's urine charts
- Big Think: medieval doctors and urine
- Connor 2001, Medieval uroscopy and its representation on misericords, part 1 (Clin Med 1:507-509)
- corpus.nz: How to be a pisse-prophet
- Diamantis et al. 2008, J Urol 180:2330-2332 (text)
- Fredotovich 2002, Rev Arg Urol 67(4)
- Goddard, Uroscopy (Urology News, PDF)
- Goddard, Uroscopy (Urology News)
- Harvey, Troubled Waters (Public Domain Review)
- Hektoen International: Abulcasis, the pharmacist-surgeon
- Hektoen International: Lithotripsy, a historical review
- IEEE Pulse: Could al-Zahrawi be considered a biomedical engineer?
- JSTOR Daily: Early doctors diagnosed disease by looking at urine
- Maynooth University, Leigheas: manuscript of the month (Gilles de Corbeil)
- Medievalists.net: William the Englishman's De urina non visa
- Posen Library: Isaac Israeli, Book of Urine
- Shamsi et al. 2014, Iran J Kidney Dis 8:278-285
- The Quack Doctor: Fopperous pisse maximes
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid, medieval iconography database: Uroscopia
- Wallis 2000, Inventing diagnosis: Theophilus' De urinis in the classroom (Dynamis 20:31-73)
- Wikipedia (German): Harnschau
- Wikipedia: Fasciculus medicinae
- Wikipedia: Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
- Wikipedia: John Caius
Museum or society
- BAUS 2021 e-poster: Albucasis (930-1013 AD), innovations in stone surgery
- BAUS 2021 e-poster: Thomas Brian and the discrediting of uroscopy
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Rhazes (Iran stamp)
- Bodleian Libraries teaching resource: The Pisse-Prophet
- Czech National Medical Library museum: Fasciculus medicinae
- EAU History Office: Uroscopy
- Hagströmer Library catalogue title for Petrus Forestus, De incerto, fallaci urinarum iudicio, Leiden, Plantin, 1589 (seen in a search result)
- Kelsey Museum exhibition: medieval medical manuscripts
- Royal College of Physicians Library: The urine wheel
- Utrecht University Special Collections: De urinis by Isaac Israeli
V What the Water Knew
Primary
- Bordley and Richards, J Biol Chem 1933;101:193-221
- Bowman 1842, On the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney (Phil Trans, OCR)
- Bright, Reports of Medical Cases, vol. 1 (London, 1827), BIU Santé scan
- Cushny, The Secretion of the Urine (London, 1917), archive.org scan
- Dirks, Clapp and Berliner 1964 (J Clin Invest)
- Dobson 1776, experiments on diabetic urine, Medical Observations and Inquiries (reprint, University of Pittsburgh)
- Kaplan and Smith, Am J Physiol 1935;113:354-360
- Pearson 1798, Experiments and observations on urinary concretions (Phil Trans, OCR)
- Shannon JA, Smith HW. The excretion of inulin, xylose and urea by normal and phlorizinized man. J Clin Invest 1935;14(4):393-401. doi:10.1172/jci100690
- Wearn JT, Richards AN. Observations on the composition of glomerular urine, with particular reference to the problem of reabsorption in the renal tubules. Am J Physiol 1924;71(1):209-227. doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1924.71.1.209
- Wearn and Richards, J Biol Chem 1925;66:247-273
- Willis, Pharmaceutice rationalis (Oxford, 1674), archive.org scan
- Willis, Pharmaceutice rationalis (Oxford, 1679), archive.org scan
- Willis, The London Practice of Physick (London, 1685), archive.org scan
- Wollaston 1810, on cystic oxide, a new species of urinary calculus (Phil Trans, OCR)
Secondary
- Br J Hosp Med 2008;69(12):705 (on Bright)
- Diabetes on the Net: Diabesity, a historical perspective, part II
- Fitzharris (the full reference was not recorded)
- Hektoen International: History of nephrology, the middle period
- Hektoen International: The pissing evil before insulin
- historyofmedicine.com listing for Lorenzo Bellini, Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum, 1662
- historyofmedicine.com: Alfred Newton Richards
- historyofmedicine.com: Frederik Dekkers
- historyofmedicine.com (Garrison-Morton derived) entry on Rudolf Heidenhain, Versuche über den Vorgang der Harnabsonderung, 1874
- historyofmedicine.com (Garrison-Morton derived) entry on Carl Ludwig, Beiträge zur Lehre vom Mechanismus der Harnsecretion, Marburg, N. G. Elwert, 1843
- Life dates, taken from the NAS memoir, Wikipedia and historyofmedicine.com
- One account uses 1844. Another notes that year as often cited, possibly for a later handbook article.
- Peña Rodríguez 2018, Acta Med Grupo Angeles 16(S1):S7-S15 (history of renal physiology)
- P. Ramberg, 2000 survey of chemistry textbooks on the 'Wöhler myth', as reported in Wikipedia: Wöhler synthesis
- Resolving an 80-yr-old controversy: the beginning of the modern era of renal physiology, Advances in Physiology Education, 2014 (title and journal only)
- Life dates, as given for Richard Bright
- Schmidt 1971, NAS Biographical Memoir of Alfred Newton Richards
- Vallon 2008, Micropuncturing the nephron
- Whonamedit: Alfred Newton Richards
- Whonamedit: Domenico Cotugno
- Wikipedia (German): Friedrich Wöhler
- Wikipedia: Alfred Newton Richards
- Wikipedia: Arthur Robertson Cushny
- Wikipedia: Bowman-Heidenhain hypothesis
- Wikipedia: Bright's disease
- Wikipedia: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
- Wikipedia: Cystine
- Wikipedia: Friedrich Wöhler
- Wikipedia: Hilaire Rouelle
- Wikipedia: History of diabetes
- Wikipedia: Homer W. Smith
- Wikipedia: Marcello Malpighi
- Wikipedia: Sir William Bowman
- Wikipedia: Urea
- Wikipedia: Uric acid
- Wikipedia: William Hyde Wollaston
- Wikipedia: Wöhler synthesis
Museum or society
VI The Stone-Cutters
Primary
- Cheselden, The Anatomy of the Human Body, 1741 (archive.org full text)
- Franklin to John Franklin, 8 December 1752, with editors' notes (Founders Online)
- B. Gooch, Cases and Practical Remarks in Surgery, 1758 (as quoted by Thomas Morris)
- S. Pepys, Diary, 23 November 1664, as transcribed at allabouthistory.co.uk
- Pepys, Diary, 26 March 1660 (Wheatley edition)
- Pepys, Diary, 26 March 1661 (Wheatley edition)
- Pepys, Diary, 26 March 1665 (Wheatley edition)
- S. Pepys, Diary, November 1660, as transcribed by twentytrees
- Pepys, Diary, Wheatley edition 1893 (pepysdiary.com), entry for 27 August 1664
Secondary
- Batty Shaw 1979, East Anglian bladder stone (J R Soc Med 72)
- Chalmers' Biographical Dictionary: William Cheselden
- Embryo Project Encyclopedia: Pierre Franco (1505-1578)
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th edition (1860): Cheselden
- English Wikipedia, Jacques Beaulieu (death given as 1720)
- French Wikipedia, Pierre Franco
- Ganem and Carson 1999, Frère Jacques Beaulieu: from rogue lithotomist to nursery rhyme character (J Urol 161)
- J. C. Goddard, Urology News history series (the high operation; lithotomy; lithotrity)
- Hektoen International, essay on Pepys's operation for stone
- historyofmedicine.com: François Colot
- Matthews 1970, Pepys's pain (letter, New York Review of Books)
- L. Payne, With Words and Knives, 2007, p. 79
- Pediatric Urology Book: Urolithiasis, bladder
- Sokol Books, bookseller's description of Franco's work
- Surgical Innovation 2020;27(5):543-548 (abstract), on Cheselden
- Thomas Morris, The foot-long bladder stone
- Wikipedia, Frère Jacques (citing AllMusic and James Fuld)
- Wikipedia: Laurent Colot
- Wikipedia, Mariano Santo
- Wikipedia, Samuel Pepys (including its footnote on the autopsy)
- Wikipedia, William Cheselden
Museum or society
- BAUS Virtual Museum: High approach
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Jacques de Beaulieu
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Lateral method
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Norfolk and Norwich Hospital
- BAUS Virtual Museum: William Cheselden
- EAU History Office: Jacques de Beaulieu
- EAU History Office: Suprapubic lithotomy
- James Lind Library: Cheselden's 1740 presentation of age-specific mortality after lithotomy (Tröhler)
- Worshipful Company of Barbers: Thomas Hollier
VII Breaking the Stone
Primary
- H. J. Bigelow, Insensibility during surgical operations produced by inhalation, Boston Med Surg J 18 November 1846;35:309-317 (DOI 10.1056/NEJM184611180351601)
- Bigelow, Litholapaxy, or Rapid Lithotrity with Evacuation, 1878 (archive.org)
- Poisson, Dulong, Larrey et Double, Recherches de statistique sur l'affection calculeuse, par M. le docteur Civiale. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 1835;1:167-177
- English translation of the 1835 Académie report, Int J Epidemiol 2001;30(6):1246-1249
Secondary
- English Wikipedia, figures for Civiale's lithotomy and lithotrity comparison
- Goddard and Birks, A short history of nephrectomy (Urology News)
- H. W. Herr, Civiale, stones and statistics: the dawn of evidence-based medicine, BJU Int 2009;104(3):300-302
- Mazur 2014, citing Belinaye 1837 (figures for Civiale's comparison)
- Tröhler 2020, J R Soc Med 113(9):360-366
- Wikipedia, Gustav Simon (surgeon)
- Wikipedia, Henry Jacob Bigelow
Museum or society
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Nephrectomy
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Transurethral bladder stone treatment
- EAU History Office, Exhibit of the month: the Civiale set
- EAU History Office: Sir Henry Thompson
- James Lind Library: Poisson, Dulong, Larrey et Double 1835
- Lanman Museum, account of Sir Henry Thompson
- Plarr's Lives of the Fellows (RCS): Sir Henry Thompson
VIII Light
Primary
- P. Bozzini, Der Lichtleiter oder Beschreibung einer einfachen Vorrichtung und ihrer Anwendung zur Erleuchtung innerer Höhlen und Zwischenräume des lebenden animalischen Körpers (Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, 1807)
- P. Bozzini, German original as quoted by Hock, Frankfurter Personenlexikon; the original publication and its year were not identified by an earlier summary
- Desormeaux, The Endoscope, and its Application to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Affections of the Genito-urinary Passages, tr. R. P. Hunt (Chicago, 1867)
- Edison, US patent 223,898, Electric-Lamp (filed 4 November 1879)
- Hirschowitz, Curtiss, Peters and Pollard 1958, Demonstration of a new gastroscope, the 'Fiberscope', Gastroenterology 35:50-53
- Hopkins and Kapany 1954, A Flexible Fibrescope, using Static Scanning, Nature 173:39-41
- Hopkins, GB patent 954,629, Improvements in or relating to optical systems (application 16 July 1959)
- J. Leiter, Elektro-endoskopische Instrumente. Beschreibung und Instruction zur Handhabung der von Dr. M. Nitze und J. Leiter construirten Instrumente (Wien: Braumüller, 1880)
- H. Morris, Surgical Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter (1904), as quoted in Urology News; the original page was not seen by an earlier summary
- Newell 1887, on the electric-light cystoscope (NLM Digital Collections)
- M. Nitze, Eine neue Beobachtungs- und Untersuchungsmethode für Harnröhre, Harnblase und Rectum, Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 29 (1879), Nr. 24, Sp. 649-652 (citation as given by de.wikipedia)
- Roswell Park 1883 (NLM Digital Collections)
- Swick 1929, Darstellung der Niere und Harnwege im Röntgenbild durch intravenöse Einbringung eines neuen Kontraststoffes, des Uroselectans, Klin Wochenschr 8:2087-2089
- Swick M, JAMA 8 November 1930;95:1403-1409 (reprinted Mt Sinai J Med 2003, PubMed 12968201)
- Swick M, Bull N Y Acad Med 1966;42:128-51 (PubMed 5321904)
- US patent 3,257,902, Optical system having cylindrical rod-like lenses (filed 14 July 1960)
- von Lichtenberg and Swick 1929, Klinische Prüfung des Uroselectans, Klin Wochenschr 8:2089-2091
Secondary
- Bagley chapter text: history of the development of ureteral endoscopy
- Bagley, History of Ureteroscopy, in Ureteroscopy: A Comprehensive Contemporary Guide (Springer)
- Brusis and Luckhaupt, Laryngorhinootologie 1991 (PubMed)
- Fuchs 2006, Surg Endosc 20 Suppl 2:S493-9 (PubMed)
- Gow 1998, Harold Hopkins and optical systems for urology: an appreciation, Urology (PubMed)
- Hektoen International 2023: From candles and swallowing swords to gastroscopy
- Hessian medical journal 2023: the Frankfurt physician Bozzini
- Hierholzer and Hierholzer 2002, The discovery of renal contrast media in Berlin, Am J Nephrol (PubMed)
- Hock, Frankfurter Personenlexikon (2014): Bozzini, Philipp
- Kajbafzadeh, review of posterior urethral valves (Urol J)
- Loughlin and Hawtrey 2003, Urology 62:385-9 (PubMed)
- Moll F, Friedrich Voelcker, Alexander v. Lichtenberg: Pyelographie, Aktuelle Urologie 1995;26:70-74, doi:10.1055/s-2008-1057777
- Neue Deutsche Biographie: Nitze, Maximilian
- Nezhat, History of Endoscopy, chapter 8
- Springer 2023 article citing Bozzini 1806
- Stricker, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie vol. 3 (1876): Bozzini, Philipp (Wikisource)
- Urology News: Early British pioneers of urological imaging
- Urology News: The prostatic punch
- Verger-Kuhnke, Reuter and Beccaria, Actas Urol Esp 2007 (Bozzini biography)
- Wallace 1973, New lamps for old (RSM presidential address; BAUS archive)
- Whitehurst LA, Somani BK. Urolithiasis 2018 (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- Wikipedia (cs): Karel Pawlík
- Wikipedia (de): Alexander von Lichtenberg
- Wikipedia (de): Arthur Binz
- Wikipedia (de): Friedrich Voelcker
- Wikipedia (de): Josef Leiter
- Wikipedia (de): Karl Storz (Unternehmer)
- German Wikipedia entry on Leopold Lichtwitz (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- German Wikipedia entry on Maximilian Nitze (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- Wikipedia (de): Moses Swick
- Wikipedia (de): Philipp Bozzini
- Wikipedia (fr): Joaquín Albarrán
- Wikipedia: Harold Hopkins (physicist)
- Wikipedia: Howard Atwood Kelly
- Wikipedia: Hugh H. Young
- Wikipedia: John Dix Fisher
- English Wikipedia entry on Narinder Singh Kapany (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- English Wikipedia entry on Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (no web address was recorded with this citation)
Museum or society
- American College of Surgeons archives: Bozzini highlight
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Cystoscopy
- BAUS Virtual Museum: David Newman
- Didusch Museum: Hugh Hampton Young
- Didusch Museum: Resectoscopes
- EAU History Office: Bozzini and the Lichtleiter
- EAU History Office: Desormeaux's endoscope
- EAU History Office: Grünfeld's endoscope
- EAU History Office: Ilg's Vienna model
- EAU History Office: Nitze's cystoscope
- EAU History Office: Philipp Bozzini, biography
- EAU History Office: Ségalas's speculum
- EAU History Office: the Nitze-Leiter Collection
- Endourology Society history article: Philipp Bozzini, the father of endoscopy
- Harold Hopkins Society history page (archived)
- Medical University of Vienna alumni leaflet, December 2008 (archived)
- Permanent exhibition of the Josephinum (exhibition text)
- RCPSG heritage blog: Glasgow's contribution to radiology
IX The Gland That Stands Before
Primary
- Brendler, Chase and Scott 1949 (Brady Urological Institute historical papers)
- Gutman and Gutman 1938, An 'acid' phosphatase occurring in the serum of patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate gland (J Clin Invest 17:473-478)
- Huggins, Masina, Eichelberger and Wharton 1939, Quantitative studies of prostatic secretion I (J Exp Med 70:543)
- Huggins, Nobel lecture, 13 December 1966
- Hunter, Observations on Certain Parts of the Animal Oeconomy (1840 Philadelphia edition)
- Schally, memoir in the Canadian Journal of Urology (Legends in urology, 2013)
- Stamey et al. 1987, Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate (NEJM 317:909-916), Europe PMC abstract
- USPSTF 2012 recommendation: prostate cancer screening
- USPSTF 2018 recommendation: prostate cancer screening
- USPSTF: prostate cancer screening update in progress
Secondary
- Cancer Today magazine on Huggins
- encolombia.com: history of prostatic hyperplasia (Spanish)
- HistoryofMedicine.com: Huggins and Hodges 1941 (Cancer Res 1:293-297)
- HistoryofMedicine.com: Niccolo Massa
- Johns Hopkins Medicine 2020: 40th anniversary of a lifesaving discovery
- Johns Hopkins Medicine 2024: Radical innovator
- Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek lexicon: adenoeides
- National Cancer Institute PDQ: Prostate cancer screening (health professional version)
- Nicholson et al. 2022, Am J Clin Exp Urol (castration and the prostate, a history)
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1966: summary
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977: summary
- Nobel Prize: Charles B. Huggins, biographical
- OncLive: Walsh's quest to understand male anatomy
- Online Etymology Dictionary: prostate
- PMC review citing Huggins, Stevens and Hodges 1941
- STAT News 2025: how testosterone treatment was rehabilitated (Morgentaler)
- The Common Vein: history of the prostate
- Tidsskriftet 2006: on testicles and urinary trouble (Norwegian)
- Translational Cancer Research review of Huggins and Hodges 1941
- Urology News: Prostatic fruit
- Urology News: TURP
- Urology News: Urology in Leeds
- Wikipedia: Andrew Schally
- Wikipedia: Charles Brenton Huggins
- Wikipedia: Eugene Fuller
- Wikipedia: Fredrik Ramm
- Wikipedia: Peter Freyer
- Wikipedia: Prostate
- Wikipedia: Prostate cancer screening
- Wikipedia: Prostate-specific antigen
- Wikipedia: Radical prostatectomy
- Wikipedia: Richard J. Ablin
- Wikipedia: Terence Millin
Museum or society
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Arthur Fergusson McGill
- BAUS Virtual Museum: Suprapubic prostatectomy
- BAUS Virtual Museum: TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate)
- Didusch Museum: Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Didusch Museum: The transurethral prostatic resection technique of T. M. Davis
- EAU History Office: Sir Peter Freyer
- EAU Today: Nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, a European discovery?
X Without the Knife
Primary
- Andonian et al., Journal of Endourology 2008; 22:601 (PubMed 18419205)
- J. Binder, W. Kramer, Robotically-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, BJU International 2001; 87:408-410
- Chaussy, Eisenberger and Forssmann 2007, Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL): a chronology (J Endourol 21:1249-1253)
- R. V. Clayman et al., Journal of Urology 1991; 146:278-282, and New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324:1370-1371 (Europe PMC abstract, PMID 1830346)
- FDA 510(k) premarket notification database, entry K011002, decision 30 May 2001
- FDA 510(k) database: K990144 (da Vinci, cleared 11 July 2000)
- FDA 510(k) K173906: da Vinci SP (2018)
- F. E. B. Foley, A hemostatic bag catheter: one piece latex rubber structure for control of bleeding and constant drainage following prostatic resection, Journal of Urology 1937; 38:134-139 (title and citation as given on Wikipedia)
- Klotz 2005, How (not) to communicate new scientific information (BJU Int 96:956-957), Europe PMC record
- W. T. Lowrance et al. 2010, abstract read on Europe PMC (PMID 21103791)
- Murray, Nobel lecture, 8 December 1990
- W. W. Schuessler, P. G. Schulam, R. V. Clayman, L. R. Kavoussi, Urology 1997; 50:854-857 (Europe PMC abstract, PMID 9426713)
Secondary
- Cansino Alcaide et al. 2010, Arch Esp Urol 63:862-870
- Dornier: an important day in medical history
- Dornier: company history
- Intuitive: company history
- LITFL: Frederic Eugene Basil Foley
- Malinaric et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2023; 20(5):4127
- S. R. Patel, S. Y. Nakada, The modern history and evolution of percutaneous nephrolithotomy, Journal of Endourology 2014
- Storz Medical: 40 years of ESWL
- L. A. Whitehurst, B. K. Somani, Urolithiasis 2018 (history of ureteroscopy)
- Wikipedia: Auguste Nelaton
- Wikipedia: Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard
- Wikipedia: Foley catheter
- Wikipedia: Frederic Foley
- Wikipedia: Giles Brindley
- Wikipedia: John Hartwell Harrison
- Wikipedia: Joseph Murray
- Wikipedia: Kidney transplantation
- Wikipedia article on laser lithotripsy (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- Wikipedia article on Mani Menon (no web address was recorded with this citation)
- Wikipedia: Ralph Clayman
- Wikipedia: Robot-assisted surgery
- Wikipedia: Ronald Virag
- Wikipedia: Sildenafil
- Wikipedia: Willem Johan Kolff
- Xu and Xu, history of shock wave lithotripsy (Atlantis Press)
Museum or society
Epilogue Look Again
Primary
- Hilt et al. 2014, Urine is not sterile (J Clin Microbiol 52:871-876)
- E. H. Kass, Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract (1956), reprinted as a classic in Journal of Urology 2002; 167(2 Pt 2):1016-1020
- E. H. Kass, Bacteriuria and the diagnosis of infections of the urinary tract, AMA Archives of Internal Medicine 1957; 100(5):709 (Crossref record 10.1001/archinte.1957.00260110025004)
- Wolfe et al. 2012, Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder (J Clin Microbiol 50:1376-1383)
Secondary
- Neugent et al. 2020, mBio (review of the urinary microbiome)
- NIDDK: Kidney stones, definition and facts
- Wikipedia (French): Louis Pasteur
- Wikipedia: Edward H. Kass
- Wikipedia, on Randall's plaques (no web address was recorded with this citation)
Museum or society
Other sources read for the film
Consulted during research but not cited on this site. Not classified by type.
Antiquity
Uroscopy and urine
The stone
Seeing inside
The prostate and the modern era
Named in the film's credits
The principal sources and translations, as the end credits list them.
- Galen, On the Natural Faculties, tr. A. J. Brock (1916)
- Celsus, De Medicina, tr. W. G. Spencer · Hippocratic writings, tr. F. Adams (1849)
- Sushruta Samhita, tr. K. L. Bhishagratna (1907-1916)
- T. Brian, The Pisse-Prophet (1637) · T. Willis (1685) · R. Bright (1827)
- W. Cheselden (1741) · S. Pepys, Diary · B. Franklin, letter of 1752
- H. J. Bigelow (1878) · A. Desormeaux, tr. R. P. Hunt (1867) · H. Morris (1904)
- E. Riches, The history of lithotomy and lithotrity (1967)
- G. Elliot Smith (1926), via H. A. Waldron (2000) · M. A. Ruffer, BMJ (1910)
- W. H. S. Jones (1923) · L. Edelstein (1943) · E. H. Kass (1956-57)
- A. R. Cushny (1917) · Lepor et al. (1985) · Yaxley et al. (2016)
- T. Willis, translated from his Latin (1685)
- Walsh and Donker (1982) · Stamey et al. (1987) · Wolfe et al. (2012) · Hilt et al. (2014)
- EAU History Office · BAUS Virtual Museum · James Lind Library · Founders Online